orthography_history
====== Differences ======
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| - | ^ 年 ^ b ^ c ^ d ^ | + | ^ Year ^ Author |
| - | | 1832 | Medhurst, Walter Henry | Orthography of the Hok-këèn Dialect | 廈 | | + | | 1832 | Medhurst, Walter Henry （麥都思） |
| - | | 1853 | Doty, Elihu | Anglo-Chinese Manual with Romanized Colloquial | 廈 | | + | | 1853 | Doty, Elihu （羅啻） |
| | 1869 | MacGowan, John | A manual of the Amoy colloquial | 廈 | | | 1869 | MacGowan, John | A manual of the Amoy colloquial | 廈 | | ||
| - | | 1873 | Douglas, Carstairs | Chinese-English dictionary of the vernacular or spoken language of Amoy,\\ With the principal variations of the Chang-chew and Chinchew dialects | 廈 | | + | | 1873 | Douglas, Carstairs（杜嘉德）| Chinese-English dictionary of the vernacular or spoken language of Amoy,\\ With the principal variations of the Chang-chew and Chinchew dialects |
| + | | 1882 | J. J. C. Francken（佛蘭根）, | ||
| + | | 1891 | Mackay, Geobge Leslie（馬偕）| 《中西字典》 | 廈 | | ||
| + | | 1894 | Talmage（打馬字）| 《廈門音个字典》| 廈 | | ||
| | 1911 | Warnshuis, A. Livingston and H.P. de Pree | Lessons in the Amoy vernacular | 廈 | | | 1911 | Warnshuis, A. Livingston and H.P. de Pree | Lessons in the Amoy vernacular | 廈 | | ||
| | 1913 | Campbell, William | A dictionary of the Amoy vernacular spoken throughout the prefectures\\ Chin-chiu, Chiang-chiu and Formosa (Taiwan) | 廈 | | | 1913 | Campbell, William | A dictionary of the Amoy vernacular spoken throughout the prefectures\\ Chin-chiu, Chiang-chiu and Formosa (Taiwan) | 廈 | | ||
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| | 1884 | Ashmore, William | Primary Lessons in Swatow Grammar | 汕 | | | 1884 | Ashmore, William | Primary Lessons in Swatow Grammar | 汕 | | ||
| | 1886 | Lim, Hiong Seng | Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular | 汕 | | | 1886 | Lim, Hiong Seng | Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular | 汕 | | ||
| - | | 1877 | Giles, Herbert Allen | Handbook of the Swatow Dialect: With a Vocabulary | 汕 | | ||
| | 1886 | Gibson, John Campbell | A Swatow Index of the Syllabic Dictionary of Chinese | 汕 | | | 1886 | Gibson, John Campbell | A Swatow Index of the Syllabic Dictionary of Chinese | 汕 | | ||
| | 1889 | Duffus, William, and Gibson, John Campbell | Sin-Ieh Ma-Thai Hok-Im Tsu Tshuan-Tsu (Ek-So Tie-Chiu Peh-Ue) | 汕 | | | 1889 | Duffus, William, and Gibson, John Campbell | Sin-Ieh Ma-Thai Hok-Im Tsu Tshuan-Tsu (Ek-So Tie-Chiu Peh-Ue) | 汕 | | ||
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| | 1924 | Steele, John | The Swatow Syllabary with Mandarin Pronunciations | 汕 | | | 1924 | Steele, John | The Swatow Syllabary with Mandarin Pronunciations | 汕 | | ||
| | 1870 | R. S. Maclay, C. C. Baldwin and Samuel H. Leger | Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect | 福 | | | 1870 | R. S. Maclay, C. C. Baldwin and Samuel H. Leger | Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect | 福 | | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== Consonants ===== | ||
| + | ^ Word-Initial (IPA) | [p] | [pʰ] | [b] | [m] | [t] | [tʰ] | [n] | [l] | [k] | [kʰ] | [g] | [ŋ] | [h] | [ʨ] | [ʦ] | [s] | [ʣ] | | ||
| + | ^ blah | p | ph | b | m | t | th | n | l | k | kh | g | ng |h | ts | tsh | s | j | | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ===== Monophthongs ===== | ||
| + | ^ IPA ^ [a] ^ [e] ^ [i] ^ [ə] ^ [ɔ] ^ u [u] ^ | ||
| + | | blah | a | e | i | o | ou | u | | ||
| + | ===== Tone marks ===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ^ 陰 ^^^^ 陽 ^^^^ | ||
| + | ^ 平 ^ 上 ^ 去 ^ 入< | ||
| + | ^ 1 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 4 ^ 5 ^ 6 ^ 7 ^ 8 ^ 9 ^ | ||
| + | | | acute | grave | | circumflex | caron | macron | vertical line above | double accute | | ||
| + | | | < | ||
| + | | < | ||
| + | ===== References ===== | ||
| + | * 徐宇航，十九世紀的潮州方言音系，《中國文化研究所學報》 Journal of Chinese Studies | ||
orthography_history.txt · Last modified: 2020/11/08 07:15 by pektiong