^ Year ^ Author ^ 作者 ^ Title ^ Language ^ | 1832 | Medhurst, Walter Henry |(麥都思) | Orthography of the Hok-këèn Dialect 《福建方言字典》| 廈 | | 1853 | Doty, Elihu (羅啻) | Anglo-Chinese Manual with Romanized Colloquial 《翻譯英華廈腔語彙》| 廈 | | 1869 | MacGowan, John | A manual of the Amoy colloquial | 廈 | | 1873 | Douglas, Carstairs(杜嘉德)| Chinese-English dictionary of the vernacular or spoken language of Amoy,\\ With the principal variations of the Chang-chew and Chinchew dialects 《廈英大辭典》| 廈 | | 1882 | J. J. C. Francken(佛蘭根), C. F. M. de Grijs(赫萊斯) | Chineesch-Hollandsch woordenboek van het Emoi dialekt 《廈荷大辭典》| 廈 | | 1891 | Mackay, Geobge Leslie(馬偕)| 《中西字典》 | 廈 | | 1894 | Talmage(打馬字)| 《廈門音个字典》| 廈 | | 1911 | Warnshuis, A. Livingston and H.P. de Pree | Lessons in the Amoy vernacular | 廈 | | 1913 | Campbell, William | A dictionary of the Amoy vernacular spoken throughout the prefectures\\ Chin-chiu, Chiang-chiu and Formosa (Taiwan) | 廈 | | 1923 | Barclay, Thomas | Supplement to dictionary of the vernacular or spoken language of Amoy | 廈 | | 1831 | Dean, William | First Lessons in the Tie-Chiw Dialect | 汕 | | 1877 | Giles, Herbert Allen | Handbook of the Swatow Dialect: With a Vocabulary | 汕 | | 1878 | Fielde, Adele Marion | First Lessons in the Swatow Dialect | 汕 | | 1883 | Fielde, Adele Marion | A Pronouncing and Defining Dictionary of the Swatow Dialect Arranged according to Syllables and Tones | 汕 | | 1883 | Duffus, William | English-Chinese Vocabulary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Swatow | 汕 | | 1884 | Ashmore, William | Primary Lessons in Swatow Grammar | 汕 | | 1886 | Lim, Hiong Seng | Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular | 汕 | | 1886 | Gibson, John Campbell | A Swatow Index of the Syllabic Dictionary of Chinese | 汕 | | 1889 | Duffus, William, and Gibson, John Campbell | Sin-Ieh Ma-Thai Hok-Im Tsu Tshuan-Tsu (Ek-So Tie-Chiu Peh-Ue) | 汕 | | 1896 | Anonymous | Ku-Ieh Tshang-Si Ki Tshuan-Tsu (Ek-Tso Tie-Chiu Peh-Ue) | 汕 | | 1924 | Steele, John | The Swatow Syllabary with Mandarin Pronunciations | 汕 | | 1870 | R. S. Maclay, C. C. Baldwin and Samuel H. Leger | Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect | 福 | ===== Consonants ===== ^ Word-Initial (IPA) | [p] | [pʰ] | [b] | [m] | [t] | [tʰ] | [n] | [l] | [k] | [kʰ] | [g] | [ŋ] | [h] | [ʨ] | [ʦ] | [s] | [ʣ] | ^ blah | p | ph | b | m | t | th | n | l | k | kh | g | ng |h | ts | tsh | s | j | ===== Monophthongs ===== ^ IPA ^ [a] ^ [e] ^ [i] ^ [ə] ^ [ɔ] ^ u [u] ^ | blah | a | e | i | o | ou | u | ===== Tone marks ===== ^ 陰 ^^^^ 陽 ^^^^ ^ 平 ^ 上 ^ 去 ^ 入,入 ^ 平 ^ 上 ^ 去 ^ 入,入 ^ ^ 1 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 4 ^ 5 ^ 6 ^ 7 ^ 8 ^ 9 ^ | | acute | grave | | circumflex | caron | macron | vertical line above | double accute | | | ˊ | ˋ | ˇ | ˆ | | ˉ | ˈ | ˶ | | a | á | à | ah | â | ă | ā | âh | ˶ | ===== References ===== * 徐宇航,十九世紀的潮州方言音系,《中國文化研究所學報》 Journal of Chinese Studies No. 57 - July 2013.